The Treaty of Versailles for China, signed in 1919, was a complex treaty between the victorious Allied powers and China that not only ended the hostilities of World War I but also reset the political relationship between the two countries. Although the treaty did not establish long-term peace in the region, it did provide protections for the Chinese people and their interests moving forward.
The first part of the treaty outlined the conditions under which German-controlled areas in China were to be returned to Chinese sovereignty. In exchange for the restoration of these areas, Germany agreed to transfer all of its control over the Shandong Railway and other railway lines to the Chinese government. This part of the treaty also mandated that the German government return all land and property seized during the war.
The second part of the treaty focused on protecting Chinese interests and citizens living in Allied countries. The Allies agreed to repeal the oppressive regulations issued during the war, such as banning the import of Chinese goods. It also granted Chinese nationals “most favored nation” status in Allied countries, guaranteeing them the same rights, privileges, and access to courts of law as any other foreign national.
The third part of the treaty addressed Chinese trade. It sought to ensure free access by Chinese merchants to the markets of other countries by removing restrictions to trade and investment placed during the war.
The fourth part of the treaty made provision for the treatment of prisoners of war. It stated that Chinese POWs should receive the same treatment as POWs of other nations, and should be released without delay at the end of the war.
Finally, the treaty established a multilateral commission to oversee the implementation of the treaty’s provisions in China. This commission was to be comprised of representatives from each of the signatory countries, including China. The commission was given the authority to mediate any disputes that may arise concerning the treaty’s provisions.
The Treaty of Versailles for China was an important step in Chinese history. It established vital rights for Chinese citizens in foreign countries, but also set the stage for future political and economic negotiations between China and the Allied powers. It is remembered today as an important milestone in securing what is now known as the modern Chinese state.