The Great Wall of China is one of the most famous and iconic landmarks in human history, stretching from east to west from the Chinese town of Shanhaiguan to the city of Jiayuguan in the Gansu province. It served as a physical barrier between the Chinese Empire and other peoples and empires in Central Asia and Mongolia for more than two millennia. The purpose of the Great Wall of China was twofold; as a defensive fortification against invasions from the north, and as a political statement of the power of the Chinese Empire.
First and foremost, the primary purpose of the Great Wall of China was to provide defense against the nomadic tribes of Central Asia, such as the Mongols, who had a history of making raids into Chinese territory. The wall spanned thousands of miles, creating an effective physical boundary between the Chinese Empire and its enemies. This barrier had the dual effect of both discouraging potential attackers, due to the difficulty of crossing such a barrier, and providing an early warning system to alert Chinese forces of any encroaching enemies.
In addition to its defensive use, the Great Wall also served as a symbol of the strength and power of the Chinese Empire. Standing tall and imposing, the wall was a visual reminder to the Chinese people of their political and military might. This symbolism was reinforced by the Chinese government’s use of the wall to display its power over its people, with guards posted along the length of the wall ensuring that all travelers entering or leaving the Chinese Empire gained permission from the authorities.
Throughout its history, the purpose of the Great Wall has also evolved in response to changing social, political and military circumstances. Under the rule of the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), the wall was strengthened and extended, forming the majority of the wall that still stands today. During this period, the wall’s purpose shifted towards protecting against Japanese and Manchu invasions. During the 17th century, following the Manchu invasion of 1644, the wall was used to restrict movements of the Chinese population and limit their contact with Manchu forces.
In more recent times, the Great Wall has taken on a more symbolic role. It serves as a reminder of the pride and patriotism of the Chinese people, and a source of national pride and unity. For example, during the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s, Mao Zedong encouraged citizens to “go to the Great Wall to defend the motherland”, a slogan which can still be seen painted on the side of the wall today.
The legacy of the Great Wall of China is evident in its continued presence and importance in Chinese culture and politics. What was once an architectural marvel used for defense against invaders has become an internationally recognized symbol of the Chinese nation and its people. Its purpose has changed many times over the centuries, but its significance remains the same: to stand as testament to Chinese civilization, and serve as a reminder of the resilience of the Chinese people.