The end of the Chinese dynastic period is an important historical event, as it marks the beginning of modern China and its evolution into the modern state that exists today. This period of time in Chinese history spanned from roughly 221 BCE when the Qin Dynasty established the first unified Imperial government, to 1912, when the last Imperial Emperor Xuantong abdicated the throne and the Republic of China was established. Hundreds of dynasties and governmental systems rose and fell in between these two points, creating a long and tumultuous history which contributed in many ways to the eventual end of the dynastic period.
The main factors which led to the fall of the dynastic period were a combination of internal and external forces which resulted in political and social upheaval, weakened the dynasties, and eventually led to their downfall. These include:
Internal Problems
1. Civil Disobedience and Rebellion: Numerous rebellions and civil unrest throughout the dynastic period weakened the imperial system and undermined its effectiveness. The most notable of these were the White Lotus Rebellion, Taiping Rebellion, and the Boxer Rebellion. This civil disobedience gradually sapped the power of the dynasties and contributed to their eventual downfall.
2. Changes in Economy and Social Structure: Due to advances in technology, the introduction of new industries and foreign trade, the traditional economy of the dynasties began to decline. This economic shift caused significant social disruption, and resulted in a widening class gap and political turmoil as people grew increasingly discontent with the unfairness and inequality of the dynastic government.
3. Corruption and Greed: Governmental corruption and greed was rampant throughout the dynastic period, and became increasingly problematic as the dynasties aged. This corruption further widened the class gap and led to an even greater sense of socioeconomic injustice among the people.
External Problems
1. Foreign Invasions and Interference: Numerous foreign invasions over the course of Chinese history weakened the dynasties, both militarily and economically. For example, European powers such as Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan all colonized or invaded parts of China during the 19th century, further damaging the already-weakened dynastic system.
2. Rising Nationalism: As foreign powers continued to interfere in Chinese affairs, a sense of nationalist sentiment developed among the people. This nationalism resulted in a shift away from traditional values and ideologies and created a desire for greater national autonomy and sovereignty.
The combination of these internal and external forces ultimately led to the collapse of the dynastic period and ushered in a new era of modern Chinese history. In 1911, Sun Yat-sen led an uprising against the ruling Manchu dynasty which ultimately resulted in the fall of the last Imperial dynasty. This marked the end of the dynastic period, and set the stage for the establishment of the Republic of China in its place.