There are many potential causes of slow computer performance, ranging from minor software issues to extensive hardware failures. Generally speaking, computers run slowly when they lack adequate system resources, as low amounts of RAM, storage space and processing power can cause significant slowdown. Other common culprits include malware or viruses, operating system issues and outdated or corrupt system drivers.
Insufficient RAM
Random Access Memory (RAM) is the temporary storage space used by Windows and other applications. Without enough RAM, your computer must constantly swap virtual memory between your hard drive and other components. This slows down overall performance, and makes it difficult for apps to function properly. For best performance, update your current level of RAM to match the minimum system requirements listed for your version of Windows.
Overloaded CPU
Your computer’s Central Processing Unit (CPU) is responsible for carrying out all the instructions that run your operating system and applications. If this component is pushed beyond its designed limits, it can lead to a decrease in performance. To ensure your CPU isn’t overloaded, run fewer programs simultaneously or upgrade your CPU or motherboard.
Insufficient Storage Space
Without enough disk space, your computer can’t create virtual memory, nor can it safely install new applications and updates. When disk space runs low, you may be able to free up space by deleting unneeded files, but if that isn’t enough, you may need to purchase additional storage devices.
Malware and Viruses
Malware and viruses are malicious programs designed to damage or take control of your computer. Once installed, these programs can consume system resources, disrupt system processes, and even spy on your activity. To rid your computer of these threats, run a reliable antivirus program and scan all drives for infections.
Operating System Issues
Damaged or corrupt system files can cause a variety of problems, including slow response times and an inability to boot. To check for issues and repair damaged files, check your hard drive using Windows’ built-in Error Checking tool.
Outdated or Corrupt Drivers
Drivers are special pieces of software that tell your hardware how to interact with your system. Without up-to-date drivers, your components may not be able to communicate correctly with your computer, which can result in slow performance. Check your device manager regularly to ensure all your drivers are up to date, and consider using a driver updater program to keep them current.
Hardware Failures
Finally, hardware failure can cause significant performance issues. If your system is still running slow after addressing software issues, it’s possible one of your internal components has failed, such as your hard drive, motherboard, power supply or graphics card. If you suspect hardware failure, have your computer professionally inspected.