The Three Kingdoms period of ancient China began in 220 CE and lasted for over 170 years until the reunification of the country under the Jin dynasty in 280 CE. The era is often viewed as one of the most turbulent and significant periods in Chinese history and was marked by civil war, political machinations, and military successes.
The period began with the weakening and eventual collapse of the powerful Han dynasty, which had ruled for more than 400 years. Its demise was due to a combination of a series of disastrous emperors, provincial rebellions, and invasions by northern nomadic peoples. In 184 CE, General Tao Dan declared himself emperor of the Wei state, beginning the period of “Warring States.” The three kingdoms of Wei, Shu, and Wu soon emerged, each with its own king, court, and policies.
The rivalry between these three states was fierce and constant. As they battled each other, they were also forced to contend with nomadic invasions from the northern steppes. These invasions were eventually repelled, but at a great cost in terms of resources and manpower.
The period is remembered for its great military strategists, such as Zhuge Liang, Sima Yi, Sun Tzu, and Li Mu. Through their strategies and tactics, the three kingdoms were able to strengthen their positions in the power struggles, though none of them ever achieved total hegemony.
During this period, a number of impressive technological advances were made, particularly in the areas of agriculture and warfare. These included the development of new varieties of crops, the use of horse-drawn plows, the invention of gunpowder and the trebuchet, and the improved use of armored cavalry.
At its end, the Three Kingdoms period was followed by the Jin dynasty, which wiped out the remaining forces of Shu and Wu and reunited the country under its rule. The period of turmoil and struggle had ended, paving the way for the subsequent eras of Chinese civilization.